kerala(केरल यात्रा),India
Location : Kerala,India.
Kerala is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
Established : 1 November 1956
State symbols of Kerala :
State animal Indian elephant
State bird Great Hornbill
State tree Coconut tree
State flower Cassia fistula
Airports :
Kerala has three major international airports, at Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode. A fourth international airport is proposed at Kannur.
Thiruvananthapuram's Trivandrum International Airport is the first International airport in an Indian non-metro city.
The Cochin International Airport is the busiest and largest in the state, and was the first Indian airport to be incorporated as a public limited company; funded by nearly 10,000 Non Resident Indians from 30 countries.
ABOUT KERALA :
Country : India
Region :South India
Capital : Thiruvananthapuram
Largest city : Thiruvananthapuram
Largest Urban agglomeration : Kochi UA
Districts : 14 total
Government
Body : Government of India,Government of Kerala
Governor : Hansraj Bhardwaj
Chief Minister : Oommen Chandy (INC)
Legislature : Unicameral (141* seats)
Parliamentary constituency : 20
High Court : Kerala High Court
Area
Total : 38,863 km2(15,005 sq mi)
Area rank : 21st
Population (2011)
Total : 33,387,677
Rank : 12th
Density : 860/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
Time zone : IST (UTC+05:30)
ISO 3166 code : IN-KL
HDI : 0.920 (very high)
HDI rank : 1st (2011)
Literacy : 93.91%(1st)
Official languages : Malayalam, English
Kerala is a top tourist destination in India; backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery are the major attractions.
National Geographic's Traveller magazine names Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world" and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime".
Travel and Leisure names Kerala as "One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century".
The Kerala Government Tourism Department, a government department in charge of promoting tourism has adopted the slogan God's Own Country for its campaigns.
History :
Prehistory
A dolmen erected by Neolithic people in Marayur.
Main article: Pre-history of Kerala
Evidence of Kerala's early human occupation includes Dolmens of the Neolithic era, in the Marayur area.
They are locally known as "muniyara", derived from muni (hermit or sage), and ara (dolmen).
Rock-engravings in the Edakkal Caves (in Wayanad) are thought to date from the early to Late Neolithic eras around 5000 B.C.
The use of a specific Indus script pictogram in these caves suggests some relationship with the Indus Valley Civilization during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age.
Religious traditions
Parasurama, surrounded by settlers, commanding Varuna to part the seas and reveal Kerala.
The oldest of the surviving Hindu Puranas, the Matsya Purana, sets the story of the first of the incarnations of Lord Vishnu, the Matsya Avatar, and King Manu (King Satyavrata, mankind's ancestor), among Kerala's Malaya Mountains.
The earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala by name is the Aitareya Aranyaka of Rigveda. Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata also make a few references to Kerala.
The legendary king Mahabali is said to have ruled from Kerala in a reign of universal happiness and prosperity.
On his passing away he was appointed ruler of the netherworld (Patalam) by Vamana, the fifth avatar of Lord Vishnu.
There is a belief that, Once a year, during the Onam festival, he returns to Kerala.
Ancient period
Kerala was a major spice exporter as early as 3,000 BCE, according to Sumerian Records.
The word "Kerala" is first mentioned (as "Keralaputra") in a third century BCE rock inscription (Rock Edict 2) left by the Maurya emperor Asoka.
Kerala and Tamil Nadu once shared a common language and culture, within an area known as Tamiḻakam.
In the 1st century BCE, Tamil-speaking Dravidians established the Chera Dynasty that ruled northern Kerala and western Tamil Nadu from a capital at Vanchi.
Early medieval period
Much of history of the region from the 6th to the 8th century is obscure,a Later Chera Kingdom was established c. 800–1102, primarily with the help of Arab spice merchants.
This is also called the Kulasekhara dynasty of Mahodayapuram, as it was founded by Kulasekhara Varman, a Hindu Vaishnavaite alwar saint.
Ay kings ruled southern Kerala, but by the 10th century the Ay kingdom declined and became a part of the Later Chera Kingdom.
A Keralite identity, distinct from the Tamils, became linguistically separate during this period.
Colonial era
This figure illustrates the path of Vasco da Gama heading for the first time to India (black line)
The western spice-trade, especially in pepper, became increasingly lucrative.
Around the 15th century, the Portuguese began to dominate the eastern shipping trade in general, and the spice-trade in particular, culminating in Vasco Da Gama's arrival in Kappad Kozhikode in 1498.
Dutch commander De Lannoy surrenders to Marthanda Varma at the Battle of Colachel. Depiction at Padmanabhapuram Palace
Post Colonial period
After British India was partitioned in 1947 into India and Pakistan, Travancore and Cochin joined the Union of India and on 1 July 1949 were merged to form Travancore-Cochin.
On 1 January 1950 (Republic Day), Travancore-Cochin was recognised as a state.
The Madras Presidency was organised to form Madras State in 1947.
Fisheries :
A fisherman in rural Kerala
With 590 km of coastal belt, 400,000 hectares of inland water resources and about 220,000 active fishermen, Kerala is the leading producer of fish among the states of India.
According to 2003–04 reports, about 1.1 million people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries.
The annual yield of the sector was estimated as 608,000 tons in 2003–04.
This contributes to about 3% of the total economy of the state. In 2006, about 22% of the total Indian marine fishery yield was from Kerala industry.
Inland water transport in Kerala
Kerala, with numerous backwaters, is one of the States in India where waterways are successfully used for commercial Inland Water Transport. The transportation is mainly done with country craft and passenger vessels.
Education :
The University of Kerala's administrative building in Thiruvananthapuram.
Kerala successfully overcame the first generation issues in education and it was the 1st state in India to be recognized as a totally literate state in 1991, though the effective literacy rate was 90 per cent at that time.
The net enrollment in elementary education is almost 100 per cent and now it is almost balanced among different sexes, social groups and regions, unlike other states of India. It has the highest literacy rate among the states of India.
State topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in year 2006–2007.
According to the first Economic Census conducted in 1977, 99.7 per cent of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2 km, 98.6 had a middle school within 2 km and 96.7 per cent had a high school or higher secondary school within 5 km, far ahead of national averages.
Kerala successfully overcame the first generation issues in education and it was the 1st state in India to be recognized as a totally literate state in 1991, though the effective literacy rate was 90 per cent at that time.
The net enrollment in elementary education is almost 100 per cent and now it is almost balanced among different sexes, social groups and regions, unlike other states of India.
It has the highest literacy rate among the states of India.
State topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in year 2006–2007.
According to the first Economic Census conducted in 1977, 99.7 per cent of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2 km, 98.6 had a middle school within 2 km and 96.7 per cent had a high school or higher secondary school within 5 km, far ahead of national averages.
Culture :
Culture of Kerala is composite and cosmopolitan in nature and it's an integral part of Indian culture. It has been elaborated upon through centuries of contact with neighboring and overseas cultures.
However, the geographical insularity of Kerala from the rest of the country has caused to develop some distinctive outlook in every spheres of culture like lifestyle, art, architecture, language, literature and different social institutions.
Origin of dance and music in Kerala could be traced to the tribal art forms and folk songs which were performed in those early days to propitiate the local deities.
With the arrival of Aryan Brahmins in Kerala (8th century CE), who were instrumental in the development of many semi-classical art forms of Kerala, Hindu temples and associated institutions took over the role of development of many ritualistic art forms; emergence of new temple arts like Koodiyattom, Koothu and Kathakali have to be seen in this context.
Koodiyattom, which emerged as a popular temple art by 9th century, is a Sanskrit theatre tradition, and is officially recognised by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Kerala natanam, an offshoot of Kathakali, Kaliyattam, Mohiniaattam (dance of the enchantress), Theyyam, Thullal and Padayani are other popular performing arts of Kerala.
Of these, Kathakali and Mohiniattam are the most recognized Indian Classical Dance traditions from Kerala.
Economy :
Kerala is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
Established : 1 November 1956
State symbols of Kerala :
State animal Indian elephant
State bird Great Hornbill
State tree Coconut tree
State flower Cassia fistula
Airports :
Kerala has three major international airports, at Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode. A fourth international airport is proposed at Kannur.
Thiruvananthapuram's Trivandrum International Airport is the first International airport in an Indian non-metro city.
The Cochin International Airport is the busiest and largest in the state, and was the first Indian airport to be incorporated as a public limited company; funded by nearly 10,000 Non Resident Indians from 30 countries.
Railways :
Beypore - Tirur (12 March 1861); Shoranur-Ernakulam (1902);m Shenkottai-Punalur (26 November 1904).
Punalur - Thiruvananthapuram (4 November 1931); Ernakulam-Kottayam(1956); Kottayam-Kollam (1958).
Thiruvananthapuram - Kanyakumari (1979).
Thrissur-Guruvayur (1994)
ABOUT KERALA :
Country : India
Region :South India
Capital : Thiruvananthapuram
Largest city : Thiruvananthapuram
Largest Urban agglomeration : Kochi UA
Districts : 14 total
Government
Body : Government of India,Government of Kerala
Governor : Hansraj Bhardwaj
Chief Minister : Oommen Chandy (INC)
Legislature : Unicameral (141* seats)
Parliamentary constituency : 20
High Court : Kerala High Court
Area
Total : 38,863 km2(15,005 sq mi)
Area rank : 21st
Population (2011)
Total : 33,387,677
Rank : 12th
Density : 860/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
Time zone : IST (UTC+05:30)
ISO 3166 code : IN-KL
HDI : 0.920 (very high)
HDI rank : 1st (2011)
Literacy : 93.91%(1st)
Official languages : Malayalam, English
Kerala is a top tourist destination in India; backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery are the major attractions.
National Geographic's Traveller magazine names Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world" and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime".
Travel and Leisure names Kerala as "One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century".
The Kerala Government Tourism Department, a government department in charge of promoting tourism has adopted the slogan God's Own Country for its campaigns.
Inland water transport in Kerala :
Kerala, with numerous backwaters, is one of the States in India where waterways are successfully used for commercial Inland Water Transport. The transportation is mainly done with country craft and passenger vessels. There are 67 navigable rivers in Kerala. The total length of the Inland Waterways in the State is 1687 km.
History :
Prehistory
A dolmen erected by Neolithic people in Marayur.
Main article: Pre-history of Kerala
Evidence of Kerala's early human occupation includes Dolmens of the Neolithic era, in the Marayur area.
They are locally known as "muniyara", derived from muni (hermit or sage), and ara (dolmen).
Rock-engravings in the Edakkal Caves (in Wayanad) are thought to date from the early to Late Neolithic eras around 5000 B.C.
The use of a specific Indus script pictogram in these caves suggests some relationship with the Indus Valley Civilization during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age.
Religious traditions
Parasurama, surrounded by settlers, commanding Varuna to part the seas and reveal Kerala.
The oldest of the surviving Hindu Puranas, the Matsya Purana, sets the story of the first of the incarnations of Lord Vishnu, the Matsya Avatar, and King Manu (King Satyavrata, mankind's ancestor), among Kerala's Malaya Mountains.
The earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala by name is the Aitareya Aranyaka of Rigveda. Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata also make a few references to Kerala.
The legendary king Mahabali is said to have ruled from Kerala in a reign of universal happiness and prosperity.
On his passing away he was appointed ruler of the netherworld (Patalam) by Vamana, the fifth avatar of Lord Vishnu.
There is a belief that, Once a year, during the Onam festival, he returns to Kerala.
Ancient period
Kerala was a major spice exporter as early as 3,000 BCE, according to Sumerian Records.
The word "Kerala" is first mentioned (as "Keralaputra") in a third century BCE rock inscription (Rock Edict 2) left by the Maurya emperor Asoka.
Kerala and Tamil Nadu once shared a common language and culture, within an area known as Tamiḻakam.
In the 1st century BCE, Tamil-speaking Dravidians established the Chera Dynasty that ruled northern Kerala and western Tamil Nadu from a capital at Vanchi.
Early medieval period
Much of history of the region from the 6th to the 8th century is obscure,a Later Chera Kingdom was established c. 800–1102, primarily with the help of Arab spice merchants.
This is also called the Kulasekhara dynasty of Mahodayapuram, as it was founded by Kulasekhara Varman, a Hindu Vaishnavaite alwar saint.
Ay kings ruled southern Kerala, but by the 10th century the Ay kingdom declined and became a part of the Later Chera Kingdom.
A Keralite identity, distinct from the Tamils, became linguistically separate during this period.
Colonial era
This figure illustrates the path of Vasco da Gama heading for the first time to India (black line)
The western spice-trade, especially in pepper, became increasingly lucrative.
Around the 15th century, the Portuguese began to dominate the eastern shipping trade in general, and the spice-trade in particular, culminating in Vasco Da Gama's arrival in Kappad Kozhikode in 1498.
Dutch commander De Lannoy surrenders to Marthanda Varma at the Battle of Colachel. Depiction at Padmanabhapuram Palace
Post Colonial period
After British India was partitioned in 1947 into India and Pakistan, Travancore and Cochin joined the Union of India and on 1 July 1949 were merged to form Travancore-Cochin.
On 1 January 1950 (Republic Day), Travancore-Cochin was recognised as a state.
The Madras Presidency was organised to form Madras State in 1947.
Fisheries :
A fisherman in rural Kerala
With 590 km of coastal belt, 400,000 hectares of inland water resources and about 220,000 active fishermen, Kerala is the leading producer of fish among the states of India.
According to 2003–04 reports, about 1.1 million people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries.
The annual yield of the sector was estimated as 608,000 tons in 2003–04.
This contributes to about 3% of the total economy of the state. In 2006, about 22% of the total Indian marine fishery yield was from Kerala industry.
Inland water transport in Kerala
Kerala, with numerous backwaters, is one of the States in India where waterways are successfully used for commercial Inland Water Transport. The transportation is mainly done with country craft and passenger vessels.
Education :
The University of Kerala's administrative building in Thiruvananthapuram.
Kerala successfully overcame the first generation issues in education and it was the 1st state in India to be recognized as a totally literate state in 1991, though the effective literacy rate was 90 per cent at that time.
The net enrollment in elementary education is almost 100 per cent and now it is almost balanced among different sexes, social groups and regions, unlike other states of India. It has the highest literacy rate among the states of India.
State topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in year 2006–2007.
According to the first Economic Census conducted in 1977, 99.7 per cent of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2 km, 98.6 had a middle school within 2 km and 96.7 per cent had a high school or higher secondary school within 5 km, far ahead of national averages.
Kerala successfully overcame the first generation issues in education and it was the 1st state in India to be recognized as a totally literate state in 1991, though the effective literacy rate was 90 per cent at that time.
The net enrollment in elementary education is almost 100 per cent and now it is almost balanced among different sexes, social groups and regions, unlike other states of India.
It has the highest literacy rate among the states of India.
State topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in year 2006–2007.
According to the first Economic Census conducted in 1977, 99.7 per cent of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2 km, 98.6 had a middle school within 2 km and 96.7 per cent had a high school or higher secondary school within 5 km, far ahead of national averages.
Culture :
Culture of Kerala is composite and cosmopolitan in nature and it's an integral part of Indian culture. It has been elaborated upon through centuries of contact with neighboring and overseas cultures.
However, the geographical insularity of Kerala from the rest of the country has caused to develop some distinctive outlook in every spheres of culture like lifestyle, art, architecture, language, literature and different social institutions.
Origin of dance and music in Kerala could be traced to the tribal art forms and folk songs which were performed in those early days to propitiate the local deities.
With the arrival of Aryan Brahmins in Kerala (8th century CE), who were instrumental in the development of many semi-classical art forms of Kerala, Hindu temples and associated institutions took over the role of development of many ritualistic art forms; emergence of new temple arts like Koodiyattom, Koothu and Kathakali have to be seen in this context.
Koodiyattom, which emerged as a popular temple art by 9th century, is a Sanskrit theatre tradition, and is officially recognised by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Kerala natanam, an offshoot of Kathakali, Kaliyattam, Mohiniaattam (dance of the enchantress), Theyyam, Thullal and Padayani are other popular performing arts of Kerala.
Of these, Kathakali and Mohiniattam are the most recognized Indian Classical Dance traditions from Kerala.
Economy :
| Year | Gross State Domestic Product |
|---|---|
| 1980 | 42,860 |
| 1985 | 75,200 |
| 1990 | 140,980 |
| 1995 | 387,620 |
| 2000 | 697,920 |
| 2005 | 1,025,080 |
Since independence, Kerala was managed as a democratic socialist welfare economy.
Since the 1990s, liberalisation of the mixed economy allowed onerous Licence Raj restrictions against capitalism and foreign direct investment to be lightened, leading to economic expansion and job creation.
In fiscal year 2007–2008, nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP) was
162,414.79 crore (US$32.4 billion).
Since the 1990s, liberalisation of the mixed economy allowed onerous Licence Raj restrictions against capitalism and foreign direct investment to be lightened, leading to economic expansion and job creation.
In fiscal year 2007–2008, nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP) was
162,414.79 crore (US$32.4 billion). Agriculture :
Agriculture in Kerala has passed through many phases of change.
The major change occurred in 1970s when rice production became less attractive with increased availability of rice supply all over India and decreased availability of labour supply.
Consequently, the investment in rice production decreased significantly and a major portion of the land was shifted for the cultivation of perennial tree crops and seasonal crops.
Profitability of crops in Kerala is getting reduced due to shortage of farm labourers, high price of land, uneconomic size of operational holding area.
The major change occurred in 1970s when rice production became less attractive with increased availability of rice supply all over India and decreased availability of labour supply.
Consequently, the investment in rice production decreased significantly and a major portion of the land was shifted for the cultivation of perennial tree crops and seasonal crops.
Profitability of crops in Kerala is getting reduced due to shortage of farm labourers, high price of land, uneconomic size of operational holding area.
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